Why Addressing capacity is important for the graphics programmer?

Addressing capacity is important for the graphics programmer for two reasons :

** Most graphics systems require a considerable amount of memory 

** The use of 2-byte addressing will often increase the time required to read or write to memory by 40 percent. And because it is more complex, indirect addressing can increase development time.

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Explain briefly dropping out, Snow & flicker

Dropping Out : Dropping out occurs when the computer's CPU does not have to both perform operations and maintain output to the display device. Dropping out is indicated when the portions or all of the display momentary go blank(background color).

Snow : Snow occurs when the computer is not able to maintain operations and the display. The effect is similar to what is seen on a standard television that is receiving a weak broadcast signal.

Flicker : Flicker occurs when the CU is too busy to update the display. As a result the display is not refreshed often enough. 

In the case of flicker, however, there is software designed to prevent the computer from sending anything to the display unless there is time to go through a full scan pattern. 

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Describe in brief analog to digital Conversion with necessary diagram?

Brief analog to digital Conversion with necessary diagram :

*** The conversion of continuous analog data to discrete digital data is called analog to digital conversion, or simply A/D conversion.

Typically, A/D conversion is performed either by hardware devices incorporated in the computer's input circuitry. All A/D conversion systems must have five steps - 

(a) Sensing,

(b) Conversion,

(c) Amplification,

(d) Conditioning, and

(e) Quantization.

In fig (a) shows the temperature as recorded by an analog thermometer. In fig (b), these data have been converted to an electronic signal. The signal at this point is still too weak for the A/D converter to work with, so it is amplified Fig (c). This amplified signal is then conditioned to eliminate electronic noise in fig(d). Finally, the amplified analog signal is quantized and passed on to the computer fig(e).

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What is quantizing? Explain it

Quantizing : Quantizing is the process of dividing an analog input signal into a string of discrete outputs, each of constant amplitude. There are three aspects of quantizing - 

1. Sampling rate : The number of samples per second.

2. Aperture time : The reciprocal of the sampling rate , defined as the number of second per sample.

3.  Coding error (amplitude uncertainty) : The difference between the conditional signal y = f(t) and the quantized signal fig : (a). This difference is measured

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Why is high precision misleading when combined with low accuracy?

High precision misleading when combined with low accuracy :

People tend to believe high-precision readings. Assume that we have a digital thermometer with eight-place precision that consistentlty gives readings 9 degrees higher than the actual temperature. It is precise but inaccurate. The user, however be included to believe the reading because of it precision. 

For Example :  Assume that the true temperature is 75.089341 degrees but our thermometer reads 84.089341 degrees. Many people would be included to believe that the thermometer was correct

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Describe graphical Kernel system

The graphical Kernel system : The graphical kernel system was developed in response to the need for a standardized method of developing graphics program. It represents a standard  graphics interface with consistent syntax. Furthermore, GKS was designed so that it may be should by means of subroutines to most common programming languages such as (C, FORTRAN, PASCAL, and BASIC).

GKS represents a programming language in the sense that it represents programmer with a consistent set of reserved words with specific language bindings us within a specific syntactical structure.

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What is Input Device? Name Some computers graphics input devices?

Input Device : Any device that allows information from outside the computer to be communicated to the computer is considered an input device. Input devices accept only binary information.

Name of the computer graphics Input devices : 

• Keyboard
• Trackball
• Joystick
• Mouse
• Paddle Control
• Light Pan
• Magnetic Pen
• Magnetic Tablet
• Acoustic Tablet
• Digitizing Camera
• Touch Sensitive Screen 
  
  
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