Give a description of digitization process

** The digitization processes are as follows -

Video digitization : 

• To display analog video image on a computer monitor the "video digitization overlay board" should be installed. The main function of the board is to digitize the analog video input.
  
• A digitizer can display a full screen monitor video on monitor or store it in the hard disk for future play back.
  
• Computer graphics and title text can be mixed if described.
  
• Special video affects such as- Freezing, fades spins can be added.

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Describe 3 basic types of analog signals formats with quality and application

There are 3 basic types of analog signals formats with quality and application : 

• Composite
  
• S-video
  
• Component

Composite :

• Simplest
  
• Signal Channel connection
  
• Luminance (Luma) and color (Chrome ) signals are kept composite (mixed)
  
• Lowest quality
  
• Example use : Home video-VCR, TV etc.

S-Video : 

• 2 channel connection
  
• Luma and chrome signals remain separated
  
• Higher quality
  
• Example use : Industrial video, VCD etc.

Component :

• 3 channel connection
  
• Luma and 2 chroma PAL, NTSC signals remain separated
  
• Highest quality
  
• Example use : Industrial video, broadcast DVD.

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Why compression necessary? Name some popular video compression technique

** The development of compression standards is essential to the future of multimedia.
The need for compression is greatest with video.

Without compression , each frame of color video will require a storage space of 7.4 Mbits.Thus only about 22 seconds of full-motion(FSFM) video could be stored on a 600 MB optical disk.

To-play it backs would require a transfer rate of 22.1 Mbits, which for exceeds the available rate of 1.5 Mbits.

So, Compression is the key to resolving the discrepancies between requirements and reality.

Some popular video compression techniques are

• MPEG
  
• JPEG
  
• P*64
  
• Clear Video
  
• Real Video
  
• VDO Wave

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Write short notes on DVI?

DVI : Digital Video Interactive(DVI) technology originated at 1983. It supports two levels of compression for full-screen full-motion video.

• Real time Video (RTV) can be compressed and decompressed in real-time, thus allowing developers to edit their work interactively.
  
• Presentation Level Video (PLV) is an asymmetric technique for high-quality video. Digitization and compression are done by a large computer at a DVI compression facility. 

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Describe the variation of MPEG audio and video format

The variation of MPEG audio and video format :

• MPEG-1 basic quality Suitable for Web, CD-ROM, VC13 etc.
  
• MPEG-2 The principal feature of this that can provide high-quality video with a data rate of as small as 1 MB/sec Suitable for S-VC11, DVD, Digital broadcasting.
  
• MPEG-4 Streaming video on web and over wireless network. Supports multimedia interactivity.
  
• MPEG-7 This will not advance compression but will, enable sophisticated indexing and retrieval of multimedia content.
  
• MPEG-21- This is in the planning stages, is expected to create a complete structure for the management and use of digital assets, incorporating E-commerce capabilities that will make sharing creative products more commercially viable.

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What is difference betwen MPEG-1 systems and MPEG-2 systems?

Difference betwen MPEG-1 systems and MPEG-2 systems : 

MPEG-2 Systems mandated compatibility with MPEG-1 Systems. The MPEG-2 program stream is designed fir the purpose. MPEG-2 Systems also addresses error prone environments, and provides all the hooks for Conditional Access Systems.

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What is font?

Font : Font can be defined as a collection of alphabetical & numeric characters of similar or comparable profiles & which belong to a particular typeface family that is represented by a unique family name. The sizes of fonts can either adjustable or not, depending upon the nature of the font family.

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What is difference between Entertainment Multimedia and Edutainment Multimedia?

 Difference between Entertainment Multimedia and Edutainment Multimedia :


Entertainment Multimedia : All games, multimedia novels and movie multimedia are examples of entertainment multimedia.

Edutainment Multimedia : A methodology of teaching academic curriculums, in an interesting and entertainment manner, in some way or other.

What is difference between Interactive multimedia and NOn-Interactive multimedia?

 Difference between Interactive multimedia and Non-Interactive multimedia :


Interactive multimedia : A multimedia application, which allows the user to interact with the ongoing proceeding, in some way or order.

Non-interactive Multimedia : A multimedia application, which does not allow the user to interact with the ongoing proceeding, in some way or order.

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Define Different types of multimedia?

Different types of multimedia are involved. These are-

• Interactive multimedia
• Non-interactive multimedia
• Entertainment multimedia
• Edutainment multimedia

Interactive multimedia : A multimedia application, which allows the user to interact with the ongoing proceeding, in some way or order.

Non-interactive Multimedia : A multimedia application, which does not allow the user to interact with the ongoing proceeding, in some way or order.

Entertainment Multimedia : All games, multimedia novels and movie multimedia are examples of entertainment multimedia.

Edutainment Multimedia : A methodology of teaching academic curriculums, in an interesting and entertainment manner, in some way or other.

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What is audio capture? Explain it.

Audio capture : Audio capturing is a technique, which enables sound to be stored in a computer storage devices as digital data.
Audio source may be audiotape, casesettes, recorder, CD-ROM & the original audio version of compact disk known as CD-ROM.

Sound digitizer is used to capture & eventually stored audio in the storage devices.
Generally, analog sound signal is digitized using the sound processing board installed in the capture.

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Write some file extensions used for image files.

CGM :

• Computer graphics metafile
  
• Capture, storage and transfer of graphical information.
  
• Used from the content structure of geometric graphics in ODA.

TIFF :

• Tagged image file format.
  
• TIFF consists of a set of images with a header that contains options that determine the coding of the images.
  
• Widely used as a format for the exchange of image data.

Joint Photographic Experts Group(JPEG) :

Continuous tone still images are converted by the JPEG-a collaboration between ITU-T and ISO to develop a general-purpose compression standard for both gray scale and color images.

JPEG doesn’t refer to a specific image file format.Two file formats are used 

• JFIF(JPEG file interchange format)
  
• TIFF format.

Technology : three-part algorithm has been defined-

• A baseline system
  
• An extends system &
  
• Loss less compression system.

Application :

• JPEG is designed to exploit the known limitations of the human eye, which is less sensitive to small changes in color than in light and shared.
  
• It works well on photographs and naturalistic artwork, but is less successful with line art.
  
• In general, the more complex & subtly rendered the image, the more likely it is that JPEG will do well on it.

Advantages :

• JPEG is capable of rendering of reducing the size of an image by a factor between 10:1 & 20:1 without visible loss.
  
• Greater compression (range 30:1 to 50:1) is possible if some reduction in quality in acceptable.

Disadvantages :

• JPEG is particularly unsuitable for bitonal images.
  
• It is not very useful for gray scale images with fewer than 16 levels of gray.

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Describe test conversion technology?

Raster to ASCII conversion is carried out using some form ofrecognition technology is as follows :

Optical Character Recognition(OCR) : It was based on the matching of scanned characters to standards held in memory. A standard was required for each, font to select the correct for it and match the characters.

Omni  font OCR : It is based on the use of techniques from artificial intelligence and there also known as intelligent character recognition(ICR). Each character is identified by the presence of absence of sets of particular features that are independent of typeface and font size.

Forms recognition : It enables the system to switch to the correct application software which can then be used to defect signatures, incorrectly completed forms & so forth.

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Define Color dithering

Color Dithering : Dithering is the process of changing the RGB value of the color pics that makeup the image to the closest matching color in predefined fixed color palettes, using complex mathematical algorithms.

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What is layer-3/MP3 compression? Explain with MP3 features.

MP3 compression : Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) 1 Layer 3 is a file format that compress audio files at a 1 : 24 to 1 : 5 ratios. The high compression rate makes MP3 files smaller and of higher quality, than most other audio formats.

MP3 Features : 

• MP3 stands for MPEG-1 Audio-Layer 3 -a digital audio compression algorithm.
  
• Compression factor of about 12 : 1 at satisfactory sound quality.
  
• MP3 is an open format for making large music files smaller.
  
• MP3 is widely recognized as the mot popular format for storing music on the world widely web and at internet and CDs.
  
• The MP3 format is high compression technique than other digital audio.
  
• MP3 files have the extension.mp3
  
• 2 channel Audio
  
• 16-bit samples
  
• 44.1 KHz (CD-DA) sampling frequency.
  
• Max supported rate-384 kbps.

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What do you mean by OOMS?

Object Oriented multimedia System : In OOMS, the multimedia data may be stored as binary large objects in an object oriented database.

Features of OOMS : 

* Image voice of video data can be encapsulation in objects.

* Object oriented languages are suitable for developing object oriented multimedia system. 

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State the feature of object oriented systems.

 The feature of object oriented systems : 

• Data & procedures are combined in S/W objects.
  
• Message are used to communicate with these objects.
  
• Similar objects are grouped into classes.
  
• Data & procedures are inherited through a class hierarchy.

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What are the requirements fro multimedia DBMS applications?

The requirements fro multimedia DBMS applications : 

• Effective storage & retrieval of large multimedia objects.
  
• Editing of text,  images, voice data
  
• Sharing of multimedia objects between multiple users & applications.
  
• Facilities to create transmit & print or display multimedia objects.

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Define a project term multimedia objects

Project : A Project consists of a hierarchy of sections, subsections & scenes. In a multimedia system new objects (audio, video clip, text, animation etc.) are dragged & dropped from a palette into the project.

Example : Web Page.

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Describe the advantages of object oriented multimedia applications

The advantages of object oriented multimedia applications : 

* Simplifies the multimedia development.

* The data encapsulation in a object is a convenient & natural way of modeling information.

* Toolkits of multimedia objects can be developed or purchased fro-building user interface.

* Object oriented database can be used to store complex objects, such as audio-video & image data.

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Explain the operation of flat bed plotter

Flat bed operator : The operation of flat bed plotter are-

a. Pen : An actual pen that draws on the plotted paper.

b. Write-move mechanism : used to lift and lower the pen.

c. Pen cartridge - holds several different -colored pens. A plotter capable of multicolor output usually has a program in read-only memory (ROM) that  instructs the plotter to pick up a new pen when the programmers require a color change.

d. x Driver motor - moves the pen horizontally across the paper.

e. y Driver motor - moves the pen vertically across the paper.

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What do you mean by interactive graphics system

Interactive graphics system :  Special input devices are necessary to communicate with the graphic display. The term Interactive graphics has been coined to cover a graphic system which enables this close interaction between the operator and the graphic output.

Graphic displays can be divided into two types :

* Random-scan graphic displays &

* Raster-scan graphic displays.

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Explain left horizontal overscan and right horizontal overscan

Left horizontal overscan and Right horizontal overscan : 

In fig(a) and fig(b), the raster lines extend beyond the visible edge of the CRT. This is because there is a limit to how rapidly the sweep generator can alter the magnetic or electric field created by the deflection yoke. Further, as the deflection yoke changes the electrons beam's direction, it also tends to create annoying borders and distorts the picture.

In order to avoid-creating border and distortion the electron beam is allowed to run some distance beyond the viewable edge of the CRT. The overscan on the top is called top vertical overscan, overscan to the bottom vertical overscan, overscan to the left is called left horizontal overscan, and overscan to the right is called right horizontal overscan

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What steps are required to process of alpha-numeric data?

Required to process of alpha-numeric data : When large quantities of alpha numeric data are to be processes, formal procedures are usually adopted to input the data. The main steps are : 

* Collection of source data, often in the form of source document(e.g. invoices from other organization);

* Transcription of source data onto written of types coding sheets or suitable forms;

* Keying in the data, Originally this was done on, paper tape or cards. but the more usual approach now is to key these data at a VDU;

* Editing errors which originate in steps (ii) and (iii);

* Editing errors which subsequent processing reveals occurred at the generation of the source data.

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Explain briefly blanking & spot size

Blanking : Each time the electron beams scans from left to right it is in WRITE mode. However at the end of each line the beam must be turned off(blanked) & redirected back to the left hand side of the CRT. The return sweep is called horizontal retrace blanking. Fig(b) shows this depict.;

vertical retrace blanking refers to the shutting off the electron beam as its returns from the bottom of the display at the end of a cycle to the upper left-hand corner to start a new cycle.


Spot : Every time the electron beam is turned on curing its journey across the display area, a "spot" of light is created. The spot size is preliminary a function of the diameter of the electron beam and the size of the phosphorous crystals coating the screen. To obtain the most pleasing image from a CRT, the spot should be just large enough to slightly overlap or be close to the eight spots surrounding it. If the spot size is to small the images on the display will appear "grainy" too large-and the images will appear "fuzzy". Fig(b) shows this depict-

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What is lookup table? What are the steps to plot a point using a lookup table?

Lookup table : A lookup table is an array of numbers that may be referred to by subscript, thus avoiding the recalculation of values each time a number in a table must be referred to. In computer graphics, lookup tables are used to store the starting addresses of each line and the values corresponding to the placement of pixels within a byte.

The following four steps are required to plot a point using a lookup table -

1. Locate the starting address corresponding to the line on which the point is to appear.

2. Locate the address of the byte in which the point will be represented.

3. Locate the bit which will represent the correct pixel (i.e., compute the value for the byte that will correctly represent the point.)

4. Logically OR the calculated value with the present value of the byte.
 

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What are the steps to plot a point on display device?

The steps to plot a point on display device : 

1. Locate the starting address corresponding to the line on which the point is to appear.

2. Locate the address of the byte in which the point will be represented.

3. Locate the bit which will represent the correct pixel (i.e., compute the value for the byte that will correctly represent the point.)

4. Logically OR the calculated value with the present value of the byte.
 

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What are the advantages of Bresenham's line algorithm over DDA algorithm?

The advantages of Bresenham's line algorithm over DDA algorithm :  The digital differential analyzer (DDA) algorithm is an incremental scan-conversion method. Such an approach is characterized by performing calculations at each step using results from the preceding step.

** These are advantage of Bresenham's line algorithm over DDA algorithm : 

** Bresenham's line algorithm is a highly efficient incremental methodover DDA.

** It produces mathematically accurate results using only integer addition, subtraction, and multiplication by 2, which can be accomplished by a simple arithmetic shift operation.

But in DDA algorithm, a floating-point addition is still needed in determining each successive point. Furthermore, cumulative error due to limited precision in the floating-point representation may cause calculated points to drift away from their true position when the line is relatively long.

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